Thus, use of relatively context-neutral test materials, such as spoken strings of digits, provides insight into the basic workings of memory that is mostly irrespective of language structure and world knowledge.Overview of Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, and Processing Speed For new information presented in an arbitrary order, however, such scaffolding is less helpful. In general, the adult listener with NH functions quite well despite degraded speech information, particularly when a scaffolding of learned “top-down” information exists to draw upon ( Miller & Licklider, 1950 Moore, 1997 Shannon, Zeng, Kamath, Wygonski, & Ekelid, 1995). Speech communication research has long studied the impact of noise and signal distortion on perception, with additional efforts made to measure their influence on retention. Even when hearing-assistive devices, such as cochlear implants (CIs) or hearing aids, are used to restore some of the auditory input, the sensory encodings are atypical because of the design of the electronic interface and the state of the compromised auditory processing system ( Abbas & Brown, 2015 Firszt, Chambers, Kraus, & Reeder, 2002). Hearing loss poses various challenges for auditory processing. Listeners might be less accurate at identifying a stimulus as the intended target, slower to assign a category to the stimulus, or less confident in their classification. This study of adult cochlear implant users and listeners with normal hearing (NH) addresses how degradations and distortions in the input stimulus affect initial identification (ID), storage, and recall of target information.Īuditory stimuli are more difficult to classify when the target signals are degraded or obscured by other signals. Entering a new phone number or repeating back a set of previously unfamiliar names, for example, are common situations relying on our ability to store and access material in the temporary workspace of short-term and working memory. The ability to temporarily store and recall novel sets of information varies across individuals, circumstance, and life span.
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